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I'd reccomend checking out a book called Understanding Audio by Dan Thompson. It's a Berklee Press book, so I'm sure you can find it on the interwebs. It breaks down console signal flow in a way that is easy to understand. I'll attempt to give you a quick rundown of my experiences using a console into a protools rig.
Microphone goes into the preamp of the console. You set your levels and the console sends an analog signal from the channel direct out, right into your AD conversion. The signal is digitally recorded in protools, and assigned to a DA output. The signal is now back in the analog realm and is sent back into the console through the line input for that channel.
It's different than using a typical firewire audio interface, because usually within boxes like that, each preamp goes straight into an AD converter, and all the routing is done for you. When you use a console, you physically route some of those types of connections using a patchbay.
Hopefully this helps. Pick up that book, it's full of good info and it explains all this better than I can at 5:30 in the morning.
-Kevin
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